With money and encouragement from Pope Innocent XI Innocent XI, Leopold was able to secure support from the dukes of Bavaria and Saxony as well as John Sobieski John III Sobieski, king of Poland, who had already won fame by fighting the Turks in the Ukraine. An even larger Ottoman host led by Kara Mustafa Paşa marched across Hungary toward Vienna.Įmperor Leopold retreated first to Linz and then to Passau, where he sought to build up a Christian alliance against the Turks. The sultan attended a grand military review of one hundred thousand troops on May 13, 1683, in Belgrade, where he proclaimed a jihad, or holy war, and handed his vizier the sacred standard of the Prophet Muḥammad (c. Kara Mustafa Paşa, fortified by French assurances not to come to the assistance of the Austrians and by Thököly’s success in northern Hungary, decided to attack the Habsburgs. Long preoccupied with their historic struggle against the French in western Europe, the Habsburgs at first did not perceive the seriousness of the Turkish threat and hoped to negotiate with the Ottomans. The French encouraged Ottoman militancy, hoping to keep the Austrians distracted in the east. Upon Thököly’s acceptance of Turkish suzerainty, the sultan recognized him as king of Hungary. The ambitious vizier saw opportunity when discontented Hungarian nationalists, resentful over Emperor Leopold’s Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor) policy of centralization and Counter-Reformation religious conformity, rose in revolt under Imre Thököly Thököly, Imre. Further Ottoman advance into Habsburg Hungary stopped in 1664 after the Battle of Szentgotthárd Szentgotthárd, Battle of (1664) (Saint Gotthard), and an uneasy peace of almost twenty years prevailed until Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa Kara Mustafa Paşa, Merzifonlu, a Köprülü protégé, became grand vizier. Since the conquest of most of Hungary during Süleyman the Magnificent’s reign, only a portion remained under Habsburg control. Reformers, culminating in the Köprülü family of grand viziers, attempted to restore the bases of traditional Ottoman rule while once again embarking upon an aggressive military policy in Europe. An overextended empire posed logistical problems, and years of warfare in Persia and southeastern Europe burdened the state. 12, 1683: Defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna Ottoman Empire defeat at Vienna Vienna, Siege of (1683) Innocent XI Sobieski, John III Paşa, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Leopold I Charles V Leopold Mehmed IV Avci Starhemberg, Count Ernst Rüdiger von Thököly, Imreĭramatic population increase and rampant inflation fueled the growth of banditry and civil disorder. 12, 1683: Defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna Ottoman Empire July 14-Sept. 12, 1683: Defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna Austria July 14-Sept. 12, 1683: Defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna Government and politics July 14-Sept. 12, 1683) Wars, uprisings, and civil unrest July 14-Sept. 12, 1683) Ottomans at Vienna, Defeat of the (July 14-Sept. 12, 1683) Vienna, Defeat of the Ottomans at (July 14-Sept. Defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna (July 14-Sept. Various complex internal changes had taken place, however, including a decline in quality of the sultans, or rulers deterioration in the tāmār system of fiefs support of the traditional Turkish cavalry, the sipahi and erosion of obedience and discipline within state service by the admission of other subjects to the positions formerly monopolized by a slave class recruited from the famous “boy tax” on Christian villagers in the Balkans. Originating as a fierce, expansionist warrior state reaching its high point under Süleyman the Magnificent, who ruled from 1520 to 1566, the Ottoman Empire still dominated the Middle East and the Balkans. The defeat of the Ottoman Turks by an allied European army at Vienna heralded the beginning of the Ottoman retreat from Central Europe and the rise of Austria as a powerful Danubian state.īy the mid-seventeenth century, few Europeans perceived Ottoman decline.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |